How can tourism promote urban economy of Tokyo Essay

How can tourism promote urban economy of Tokyo - Essay Example The analysis indicated, as many authors have also pointed out, that tourism creates massive economic impact on the city, yet, it also accompanies with it the cost especially on environment. While the number of tourists increases, the environment and social costs starts getting bigger as it can be seen from research, for example an increase in the number of crime cases in the society as well as the degree of pollution brought by massive tourist visiting Tokyo are the glaring examples of such ill effects. It is true that the tourism development tended to focus on the economic developments without considering the environment and social costs due to the difficulty of measuring such impacts and the limited information of those environment and social consequences. Economic impact can be measured at the time when tourists arrive in the country, but the environment and social impact can not be measured at the same time when tourist visits. Environment and social consequences will appear in a different way but is difficult to link the cause and effect because of its time lug. The effect will be apparent only after a while. As a conclusion, if the increasing number of tourist accompany with the cost, it can be recommended that increasing the duration of stay rather than increasing the number of tourist is the best option for Tokyo. It leads to the assumption that the same economic impact can be brought on the city minimising the environment and social costs on Tokyo. However, tourism is one of business which asks for profit, therefore this recommendation may not appear realistic. Yet for sustainable tourism development, it can be considered a necessity to re-reorganise the city attractions and to link tourism promotional policies with regional planning.

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research proposal - Essay Example 1-14, 2007) are offering online banking services and online trading services to their customers and consumers around the globe. In addition, various financial institutions are involved in including new technological updates in their systems that is enabling them to provide efficient services to their customers. In the result, reports (Mannan, pp. 1-14, 2007) indicate enormous increment in the number of users of online banking services that show alteration in the consumer behavior, and thus, banking institutions are continuing their updates, and at the same time, endeavoring to ensure security and safety of customer’s money. In other words, one can converse from such analysis (Azari, pp. 55-60, 2003) that information technology has completely altered the notion of banking and trading in an obvious manner due to inclusion of automation in almost every process that has made lives easier. However, still, in midst of such extensive amount of technologies, experts and researchers (Yap, pp. 440-445, 2006) believe that financial institutions are still incapable of providing 100% security to their customers. Even marketing brochures and advertisement materials indicate high-level security; however, studies (Oyungerel, pp. 39-56, 2008) have indicated that even financial institutions are thems elves not sure about their claim in the advertisements. In addition, a number of reports (Mannan, pp .1-14, 2007) have shown cases of identity theft, credit card theft, bank account thefts, etc that indicates the vulnerability of online banking or online trading services. Although various experts (Mohay, pp. 23-39, 2003) have appreciated the impact of technological advancements in the form of online banking; however, scrutiny of resources has identified a number of reports (O’Gara, pp. 59-64, 2004) that have recognised vulnerable nature of online

Extensive Growth of Real Gross Domestic Product in the U.S Case Study

Extensive Growth of Real Gross Domestic Product in the U.S - Case Study Example The accelerated growth during the spring and summer period is an indicator that the economy has reached a stronger sustained growth point. In addition, this growth is the best reported after five years since the end of the Great Recession of the U.S. Gross domestic product considers the value of all goods and services produced by the U.S and the best measure of the economic health of the nation. Increase in consumer’s expenditure, investments in business equipment and the increase in the inventories were reported to be higher than the formers estimates. Therefore, the increased investments, inventories, and consumer expenditure accounted for the upward growth in the third quarter of the year 2014 (Market Watch, 2014). The surprising growth in the U.S economy resulted in a slight lift to the stock market. Actually, most of the economists polled by the MarketWatch expected the government to report a decreased growth of around 3.3 percent from the previous. Increase in consumer e xpenditure or spending reflecting more than two-thirds of economic activity of the U.S increased to 2.2 percent from the first read that was 1.8 percent. Households spent more money at retail stores and on auto fuels than in the previous report. One major source of the extensive growth was the increased investment in business equipment which rose from 7.2 percent to 10.7 percent. Companies’ inventories rose from $62.8 billion to $79.1 billion. Despite the fact that the overall growth was high in the third quarter, growth in exports reduced from 7.8 percent to 4.9 percent. The decline shows that the light growth in Asia and Europe is taking a part of the U.S economy. Imports of the U.S reduced at 0.7 percent annual rate a compared to the estimated growth of 1.7 percent.

Rough Draft Puritans Essay Example for Free

Rough Draft Puritans Essay In the middle of the 1600’s, from around the 1630’s to about the 1660’s the Puritans were fleeing to America for mostly religious reasons. Many of them came to set up what is called the Massachusetts Bay colony. John Winthrop was the leader of this colony. They believed religion was the key to the perfect community. Puritans had many influences on the political, economic, and social development of the New England colonies using their religious values. Puritans had so many influences on the political outcome of the New England colonies. The form of government they had created was almost like a theocracy, where God’s law is law. A lot of the New England colonies didn’t want this at all. Nathaniel Ward (doc G) was trying to tell them that the state laws needed to go along with the morals of the church, or a lot of bad things might happen. Even though Ward stated this, a lot of the colonies already had religious tolerance so they didn’t base the laws from the church morals. In â€Å"Limitation of Government,† John Cotton (doc H) is saying that the government shouldn’t be all that good because any ‘mortal’ man will abuse it. This is sort of like a democracy, which the New England colonies will develop a government almost like this. Roger Williams (doc F) says that states should only have one religion each. If they acquire more than one religion, it could only begin a war. This basically shows that puritans were not very tolerant of other religions. Quite a few people believed there should be religious tolerance, people like Roger Williams, who was sent to Rhode Island by the Puritans. Then Rhode Island became one of the first colonies to obtain a separation of religion and state, which made it a colony for freedom of religion.

Portrayal of Women in The Good Earth :: Good Earth Essays

Portrayal of Women in The Good Earth The Good Earth focuses around the life of a Chinese peasant, Wang Lung, who struggles to overcome a poverty-stricken life. The accounts of Wang Lung's life portray traditional China. One prominent aspect of this story is how women were depicted in society. The role of women in China is woven throughout the novel. Depending on their social status, each female character within the novel gives readers a different perspective of a woman's role during this period. In addition to their roles, the author includes the trials and tribulations these women must face as well. As a whole, the importance of these female characters are based upon their contribution to the ego's of the male protagonists and as being providers of support to both family and order in society. In Pearl S. Buck's The Good Earth, women are depicted to be consistent with the authentic Chinese culture of that period. Paul A. Doyle, a literary critic, remarks that Buck's stories were improbable and simplistic (Chauhan, 1994, 120). He later adds: "In structure, The Good Earth uses a chronological form which proceeds at a fairly regular pace. Buck's stories take the epic rather than dramatic form, that is to say, they are chronological narratives of a piece of life, seen from one point of view, straightforward, without devices; they have no complex plots, formed of many strands skillfully twisted, but belong to the single-strand type, with the family, however, rather than the individual as a unit (Buck 35). As Wang Lung and his father begin this family strand, one by one characters are introduced from Wang's viewpoint. In regards to women in his society, he objectively portrays them for what they are worth. In spite of his smooth surface, the novel shows a complicated feminism. On the one hand, the woman's situation is clearly, almost gruesomely, presented: Chinese village society is pat riarchal, oppressive, and stultifying to women (Hayford, 1994, 25). The clearest illustration of this occurs through O-lan, the wife of Wang Lung. O-lan comes about in the first chapter of the novel. At the age of ten, her parents sell her off to the Great House of Hwang, where the village's wealthiest landowner resides.

I. Brief Overview of different sculpture styles A. Egyptian Sculpture

Egyptian sculpture is distinct in their symbolic formality based on an ancient set of rules for three-dimensional works of art and were not meant to capture or memorialize a certain event or point in time. Egyptian sculpture is primarily used for religious purposes, mostly to guard over the dead. It is typically hewn from stone and figures preserve the cubic form of the original slab.The figures are always deliberately facing the front and much of the detail is hewn to represent characteristics of the frontal image, and is usually painted with vibrant colors.Later Greco-Roman influence later transformed the detail of the face to more closely approximate a realistic representation of the human face. (â€Å"Egypt†) B. Greek Sculpture The most important samples of Greek sculpture deal with religious themes, although civic, domestic and sepulchral themes are also common. When dealing with human subjects, realism tempered by idealism is the order of the day. Some were large, others small enough to place on a pedestal. Subjects include iconic figures such as the Greek gods and goddesses, priests, sacred animals and others of votive character.The most popular type of Greek sculpture is the bas relief and in the round. Greek sculpture was also used to honor civic events such as treaties and national games. These memorials are mythopoetic in character. In general Greek sculptures in marble, stone, terracotta, bronze or wood are distinct in its grace and beauty, its hint of action and value as a record of dress and fashion of the era. Finishing included liberal applications of oil, wax and color for a more life-like sheen except for those made of marble, where color was added only for emphasis.(â€Å"Greek sculpture – part I†) C. Roman Sculpture Sculpture as an art form developed late in Roman society because Romans considered all forms of art from a practical point of view and held it in contempt as work only slaves should do. Much of the work done in sculpture in the 2nd and 3rd Century B. C. was likely done by Etruscans. During the reign of Augustus (63 B. C. – 14 A. D. ), Romans began drawing away from mostly decorative and utilitarian subjects of sculpture to more mythological themes.The conquest of the Greeks shifted the material of choice from bronze to marble, and a shift from in the round to relief sculptures. Masses of Greek works of art were transported to Roman strongholds and excited much admiration but no desire to produce their own. Wealthy Romans commissioned copies of the more famous works for display in their homes. With Augustus, there was a dawning approximation to the Greek attitude towards art which did not survive his demise, but which did produce some of the more beautiful pieces of Roman sculpture such as the Altar of Peace (erected c. 12 B. C. ).(â€Å"Greek and Roman Art†) Only the development of relief on sarcophagi continued and outperformed Greek in this instance, and is evident in th e many extant samples such as the arch at Beneventum. The distinct Roman robustness and flavor is more evident in larger pieces of work rather than individual pieces. (â€Å"Roman sculpture†) II. Descriptions of the selected works of art A. The Indian Triumph of Dionysus (Late 2nd Century, Marble) This relief was used as one side of a Roman sarcophagus representing the triumphal return of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine after his sojourn in India and the East.Known as Bacchus in Roman mythology, he is portrayed here in a reclining fashion amidst what appears to be a procession or festival celebrating his return. He is as usual portrayed with grapes about his head, signifying wine. He is surrounded by men, women, children as well as a herald and he is apparently being carried by soldiers. Satyrs are also present, as well as panthers, which are often associated with this mythological figure. There is at least one elephant and a horse. The whole relief is a study in movement, ev en dancing.Not one of the figure is in repose, and there is much going on. Each figure contributes to the richness of the representation, from the fruits in the basket, to the two children astride the elephant. All elements are on the move, even the draperies of the women. This is a classic example of the expertise developed by Roman sculptors for this particular form of art, and illustrative of the Greek influence, from the subject of the relief to the style of the dress. B. Portrait Figure of a Ruler (Roman c. A. D. 200—225, Bronze)This bronze figure is a rare example of the period before marble became the material of choice for sculpture in-the-round. It is speculated that this was in emulation of Augustus, who in turn followed the example of Alexander the Great who declared himself a god. Probably once contained in the temple of an Asia Minor emperor, this is missing the head, the right leg midway to the calf and the left foot. It is a muscular yet graceful figure, striki ng a pose of some authority and arrogance, as if declaiming to his adoring public or announcing some important news.It is also incredibly detailed, somewhat embarrassingly so in this instance as the figure is quite large and the details stand out somewhat. The head was probably cast separately from the body as the break looks clean, as if from a joint. It is a magnificent specimen of manhood, and the face was probably as beautiful. It would probably benefit from some cleaning. C. Monumental Statue of the Pharaoh Ramesses II Enthroned (Egypt, New Kingdom, 1386-1349 BC and 1279-1212 BC, Grandiorite) This monument to Ramses II (c. 1290-1224 BCE), who is said to have ruled over Egypt for almost 67 years, are found in Nubia, near the Sudan.â€Å"There are figures of Ramses II with the prime gods of the New Kingdom, including Ptah, the Memphis creater god, Re-Harakhte, the sun god of Heliopolis and Amun Re, the great god of Thebes†. Together they guard the entrance to the temple de dicated to these figures. The Great Temple of Ramses II is on the left while the Temple of Hathor/Nefertari is on the right. They were cut into natural rock, and at 20 meters high are considered colossi. (Sullivan) There are four figures in all, although the figure on the right of Ramses II is missing a torso. The rock is pinkish in tinge.The figures are sitting on thrones facing front, all the hands on their laps. The figures are rigid although the expression on the Ramses’s face is placid, with even a hint of a smile. The features are well-formed, incredible considering how it has been exposed to wind and sand for all these years. Inscriptions are carved in the arms. At their feet between the legs are smaller figures standing upright, perhaps representing servants or priests. In between each colossi are women figures are dressed finely, and are perhaps royalty. There is much vandalism, names and dates scratched into the stone as far back as 1875.The podium is inscribed with hieroglyphics and the rightmost figure had lost the beard. There appears to be figures of baboons over the entrance of the temple. III. Comparison of the three sculptures The Roman works of art are good representative examples of the two kinds of sculptures popular during that period: relief in marble and sculpture in the round in bronze. The colossi Ramses II is a typical example of the three-dimensional Egyptian style. There appears to be nothing less similar than the two art types. The composition for one thing is completely different.In Roman sculptures, the lines are never linear. The single subject appears about to move or speak, so dynamic is the pose. In the relief, there is visible interaction among the elements of the sculpture, and each figure tells a different story. It memorializes a moment and an occasion. The figures themselves are idealistically and naturally constructed, celebrating the Roman idea of beauty of form and structure. In the Egyptian sculpture, the figu res are stiff and formally posed. No movement is implied, and the pose is strictly linear and frontal, as traditional for Egyptian sculpture.The figures themselves are stylized, showing no definition of muscles or other details but with some emphasis on the face and the ornaments such as the headdress and the clothes, which are as stiff and immobile as the body. It memorializes the figures as immovable and permanent, hence the size of the statues and the fact that it was hewn right out of solid rock. The use of hieroglyphics is also prolific, taking the place of visual representation in telling the story of the figures. Yet there are similarities, mostly in the theme, which is divinity.Ramses is portrayed as side by side the most important gods of the New Kingdom, while the single sculpture deified the emperor and the relief treated the subject of a god celebrated, Dionysus. IV. Conclusion While this paper does not include a specimen of Greek sculpture, it has been discussed earlier that the Romans closely followed the Greek style of sculpture, mostly by using imported sculptures as a basis for copies for their own sculptures. A cursory glance at extant Greek sculpture in the round will immediately reveal how closely the Roman versions mimic the Greek style, from material to posture to subject.Ancient sculptures are representative of the society in which they were produced. They are lasting monuments to the great civilizations which spawned them, and while each is stylistically different, they provide valuable insights into how the ancient Romans and Egyptians lived and how they chose to be remembered. Works Cited â€Å"Egypt . † Ancient Arts. n. d. Detroit Institute of Arts. 24 July 2007 . â€Å"Egyptian Sculpture – Part 1. † Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 .â€Å"Greek and Roman Art. † Amazon. com. 2007. 24 July 2007 â€Å"Greek Sculpture – Part 1. † Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 . â€Å"Roman Sculpture. † Old And Sold. n. d. 24 July 2007 . Museum of Fine Arts Houston. 2007. 24 July 2007 . Sullivan, Anne. â€Å"The Great Temple of Ramses II. † Bluffton University. 2001. 24 July 2007 .

Free Will and Religion: A Nietzsche Perspective Essay

Free will has been studied for many centuries and has still puzzled ordinary people, many thinkers, scholars, theories, literary figures, and theologians worldwide. It has been confused with so many factors such as necessity or determinism from which the individual wonder whether his actions are based on self will or driven by conditions he cannot control. Other scholars linked it with moral responsibility and faith in God claiming that there is really no free will since it is influenced and manipulated by many factors (Kane 2). For many essentialists, free will is not recognized as an independent concept but rather a dynamic and essential context (Sack 79). Over the decades, ancient doctrines had been made recognizing the existence of free will; however many philosophers questioned it such as Friedrich Nietzsche who was one of the known philosophers to criticize free will. In the ancient and medieval studies of free will, a theological dimension has been recognized by many philosophers as a connection to ‘free will’. St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine, whom Nietzsche share similar conclusions, considered free will as a gift from God and by possessing it means that we are beyond animals. More thinkers were intrigued by free will such as Descartes, Hume, and Kant who offered several solutions, a metaphysical framework, and a dichotomy of passion and reason to explain its dynamics. Free will becomes even more problematic as more ideas and concepts were linked to it such as ‘determinism’ and ‘causality’ offered by Schopenhauer and Freud (Dilman 2). These studies seemed to accept that many factors influence free will yet free will still exists. However, for Nietzsche free will is not affected by the course of events, fate, and it has no law (Dworkin 178). Nietzsche criticized â€Å"free will† by differentiating Christian free will and aristocratic free will. He believed that it is just an idea used to make an individual feel guilty particularly as a Christian religion control mechanism over the people. He argued that the â€Å"will† is not free because it is commanded within by the â€Å"I† and that the â€Å"I† and the power within the will is not the same. Additionally, he argued that the actions expressing the will are incorrectly connected to the human will; the power behind willing is separable from external events. Hence, free will is just a matter of â€Å"strong† and â€Å"weak† will (Dworkin 178). In Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future published in 1886, Nietzsche continued to explore about his previous work—Thus Spoke Zarathustra. His arguments attacked on moral consciousness which led to the human presuppositions of â€Å"self-consciousness†, â€Å"truth†, including â€Å"free will†. Instead, he offered the idea of will to power as a concept to explain human behavior and concluding that there is no universal morality. He criticized philosophers and suggested qualities for new philosophers: creation of values, originality, imagination, self-assertion, and danger. He arrived at a concept of the perspective of life which he called â€Å"beyond good and evil† (Nietzsche, Faber, and Holub). The assumptions in Beyond Good and Evil are disturbing and unsympathetic to the traditional moral and philosophical assumptions. Nietzsche strongly suggested an â€Å"aristocratic† perspective of life as he probed on the history of moral values and the demise of strong cultures. These made his work attractive especially the chapters On the Prejudices of Philosophers, The Free Spirit, The Religious Essence, On the Natural History of Morals, and What is Noble (Spinks 167). Nietzsche disagreed with free will but he did not explicitly approve that the will is â€Å"unfree† either. Some wills are strong and some are weak. Given a tautology â€Å"the light shines†, there will be no light unless it shines and that the light does not have a free choice whether to shine or not to shine at all. Hence, the power in will is manifested only through the action or on how it is manifested. Nietzsche further argued that will cannot be free or unfree such that a power has no free choice whether to materialize itself in mild or severe fashion. However, this kind of perspective was not perceived by a common consciousness among people and the notion of strong and weak will is not accepted (Kazantakis and Makridis 28). According to Nietzsche, free will is an idea created by the weak so that they could elevate themselves as an equal to their masters. If the status or worth of an individual is not measured according to the quantity of power he possessed, the weak who use his power mildly becomes better or greater to an individual who is able to manifest a deed in a mild or harsh manner. The strong accept this theory of free will but this indicates pride. One will consider that his actions have undivided responsibility, either â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil,† and come up to a conclusion that his actions is independent and free from regulation of other wills (Kazantakis and Makridis 29). The metaphysics of â€Å"weakness† is explained by Nietzsche by referring to the soul, God, and free will which he described as words that refer to nothing. Will, on the other hand, is a complicated idea that is represented only by a word and commanded by a superior being within a man he assumes is able to obey. The soul, on the other hand, becomes a subject that is eternal, stable, and represents morality and emotions. The notion of stable entity proves the instability of reality and of the world. It cannot be avoided and experience through suffering particularly of the weak. Hence, there is weakness and the weak in return tries to invent an alternative to this kind of reality (Dudley 152). In Beyond Good and Evil, it is impossible to explain free will in relation to morality without the religious framework or a philosophy with God. During the time that famous scholars (including Nietzsche) dealt with free will, Christianity has been the prevailing religion all over Europe and its influence greatly manifested on numerous publications. God is hailed as the source of all morality and its meanings through holy writings such as the Bible, divine interventions, and intermediations. However, Nietzsche presented an overman that is beyond â€Å"good and evil†. The overman is independent, creates his own values, and disregards good and evil. Nietzsche reversed the reality instead by saying that God is created by people, they associated him with values, and followed its doctrines â€Å"as if these values had been decreed by divine will† (Earnshaw 51) As an essentialist, Nietzsche shared the same belief that people create and live by their own values. Hence, the definition of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ is relative to the people and their respective societies. Despite man’s lack of ability to discriminate between what is truth and imaginary, the â€Å"will to truth† is probably the highest â€Å"good†. The unfolding of will, which he described as neither free nor unfree, is perhaps an action of the will to what is true. Nietzsche presented another assumption that can be considered logical. He said that even though searching or willing for the truth is the highest, there are more fundamental matters behind this: affirmation of life, preservation of species, and so on. Therefore, â€Å"untruth† becomes a part of the will as â€Å"truth† is. If this is the case, then conventional philosophers are not seekers of the universal truth but simply rationalizing their prejudices (Earnshaw 52). Since Nietzsche did not accept either free or unfree will, his idea of will is reflected on his concepts of ‘will to truth’ and ‘will to power’. He found out that philosophers like him have an incredible role and impact in creating directing what to will for. Philosophers have great and creative minds and most of them are commanders and legislators. Through their knowledge, they can create; their creation leads to legislation; and their legislation push for will to truth. However, the meaning for will to truth is will to power. Hence, his idea of an overman who is beyond good and evil is externalized since philosophers can extend and reach visions that are not good or God oriented (Allen 71). Religion not only signifies an important role to explain Nietzsche’s â€Å"good and evil† and to describe what to will but also it can also be an instrument for the philosopher-legislator. As Nietzsche described human beings as â€Å"free spirits† or individuals having the â€Å"most comprehensive responsibility who has the conscience for the overall development of mankind†, he argued that a philosopher will use religion for his knowledge to be cultivated. Through religion, the philosopher’s creations can influence human beings and dictate their wills. However, the religion that Nietzsche is referring is a religion that is linked with philosophy and used merely for education and cultivation, a means among other means, but not the ultimate end. Otherwise, if religion is used separated from philosophy and as a legislator on its own, the effects are unexpected and dangerous (Allen 72). Fate, consequences, or course of events do not play significant roles in Nietzsche’s will. The act of willing is not similar to the power behind willing or the causal relationship brought by the natural science. No necessity can influence willing and unfree will is just a mythology. No law is bound to change will other than the power in other wills. The belief on the â€Å"unfreedom of the will,† or the idea that an individual might decide or act upon dictation or influence, is just a mere excuse used by individuals to prevent them from responsibilities and point the blame to other matters. Nietzsche’s argument on â€Å"unfree will† was similar to St. Augustine’s who argued that God indeed has ‘foreknowledge of events’ but gave man a ‘power to will’. If a man’s will is not successful in doing what it wills, fate is not the cause but a more powerful will. However, the weak often blame fate as the root of suffering instead hence Augustine said that â€Å"fate belongs to the weaker of two parties, will to the stronger. † (Dworkin 178). At first glance, Nietzsche argument on will can be vague, confusing, and challenging but given the mass of ideas presented in Beyond Good and Evil, readers and thinkers can get plenty of advice from a seemingly manual type for philosophers publication. In defining his analysis on will, Nietzsche began by attacking the conventional philosophers and philosophical assumptions. The assumptions can be pretty confusing and devastating to other philosophers and his views on God can be described as anti-Christ. Undeniably, he made a strong conclusion by saying that the â€Å"will to power†Ã¢â‚¬â€the strongest will of all that is driven by emotions and things that man is passionate of, can change numerous things in the world. In order to correct this kind of prejudice, Nietzsche offered a solution he called the â€Å"free spirit† which can be achieved through isolation and independence or living a different live, the difficult one. In order to grasps what he meant about â€Å"free spirit†, he further described morality and truth which can be confusing and might unacceptable to others. He said that the only real things in this world are man’s emotions, passions, and motivations. Nietzsche provided a doctrine that is simplified and meant to be understood by ordinary people. The shift is observable since his previous works were mostly misunderstood and used for destructive purposes. Nietzsche attack on Christianity and/or religion intrigued numerous scholars. He described religion as the cause of the distortion of people’s values, pushed many to become non-believers, and offer self-sacrifice. On the other hand, some found his assertions contradictory such as man’s inability to know the truth yet in his book he seemed to declare a lot of truths. He said that philosophers must avoid justifying their own opinions yet Nietzsche sounded like a dictator of his self-declared truths. Nevertheless, he is able to point out that truth is relative among people, that there is no universal truth, and that man should will for his own truth. Works Cited Allen, Douglas. Comparative Philosophy and Religion in Times of Terror. Lexington Books, 2006 Dilman, Ilham. Free Will: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. Routledge, 1999. Dudley, Will. Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Dworkin, Ronald William. The Rise of the Imperial Self. Rowman & Littlefield, 1996. Earnshaw, Steven. Existentialism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Continuum Publishing Group, 2007. Kane, Robert. Free Will. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Kazantakis, Nikos & Makridis, Odysseus. Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State. SUNY Press, 2006. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhem, Faber, Marion, & Holub, Robert. Beyond Good and Evil. Oxford University Press, 1998. Sack, Robert David. A Geographical Guide to the Real and the Good. Routledge, 2003 Spinks, Lee. Friedrich Nietzsche. Routledge, 2003.

buy custom Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease essay

buy custom Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease essay Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is one of the major causes of death today. This is often translated into huge economic burdens in terms of the cost of treatment as well as the loss of productivity. Albuterol and levalbuterol are some of the drugs that are recommended for the treatment of COPD. It is worth noting that albuterol was introduced first and several studies conducted on this drug revealed that it contained several negative effects. This led to the approval of levalbuterol and indeed, studies have confirmed that this drug brings about less harmful effects compared to albuterol. However, these results are controversial, and thus, this paper intends to analyze the existing literature in order to assess which between the two drugs is appropriate. Based on the review of existing literature, this paper found out that levalbuterol produces less harmful effects, results in fewer hospitalizations, and the overall costs of treatment is cheaper, even despite the fact that albute rol is a cheaper drug compared to levalbuterol. This paper provides a good analysis of the two drugs, on the basis of which health practitioners can make their decisions when dealing with COPD. In addition, this write up provides important information that will build up on the existing literature in this filed. Basing on the advantages of levalbuterol over albuterol, this paper recommends that levalbuterol should be considered as the drug of choice when it comes to the treatment of COPD. In addition, the study recommends that further research should be conducted to provide support for the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol with regard to the drug composition. However, despite the differences between the two drugs, it is worth noting that levalbuterol and albuterol are actually similar in numerous aspects. Albuterol and levalbuterol are some of the drugs that are often used in the treatment of asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). These drugs are often confused, considering the fact that they have a similar classification and action as they are both classified as bronchodilators. Albuterol is often recommended as inhaled beta-2 agonist and can be used to deal with acute bronchospasm (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). It is made up of a racemic mixture of (S)-albuterol that contains some slight or no bronchodilating action, and (R)-albuterol (levalbuterol), which is considered as an active pharmacological enantiomer in a ration of 50:50. It is worth noting that (R)-albuterol has been proved to exhibit a 100-fold more capability to bind to the beta-2 receptors compared to the (S)-albuterol (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Research studies show that albuterol has been in use for over 40 years and is still being used today (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). However, it is worth noting that this drug has often been associated with various side effects, such as tremor. In 2005, levalbuterol was approved as a remedy for the same condition, and indeed, studies and even manufacturers have confirmed that using levalbuterol leads to fewer hospitalizations, improved respiratory parameters, fewer adverse effects, and thus, reduced overall costs of treatment (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, these outcomes are not universal, considering the fact that some studies have confirmed that there are no distinctions when it comes to the clinical endpoints (Ameredes et al., 2009). This has, therefore, presented some controversies with regard to whether racemic albuterol or levalbuterol should be eliminated. This paper, therefore, seeks to analyze the literature on both albuterol and levalbuterol, examining what the studies suggest about these two drugs in order to make an opinion on what makes sense clinically and what does not. The paper will also look at its impact on the field as well as at the disease management. Description of the Disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a gradually progressive infection of the airways, often depicted by the lung function impairment. This basically happens when there is a co-occurrence of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, leading to the narrowing down of the airways. As a result, there is a limited airflow to the lungs and out, hence a shortness of breath, a condition that is medically known as dyspnea, is experienced (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, it is worth noting that this condition is often irreversible and gets worse as times go by. COPD is normally caused by some noxious particles, particularly generated from smoking tobacco, hence prompting a response that leads to the inflammation of the lungs. It is important to note that some of the most common diseases that are associated with COPD include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and chronic obstructive bronchitis along with the combination of highlighted conditions (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). The diagnosis of COPD necessitates that tests are conducted regarding the functioning of the lungs. Some of the management strategies include the rehabilitation, vaccinations, drug therapy, smoking termination, and in some cases, patients are recommended to have lung transplantation. How the Drugs Work In the Body It is worth noting that both albuterol and levalbuterol contain the same properties, considering the fact that they both target the bodys beta-2 receptors. The two drugs serve to reduce the resistance in the airway as they are known to enlarge the diameter of the bronchi or the air passages (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). In such a way, these drugs help to enhance the overall flow of the air both into the lungs and out. The drugs work on the beta-2 receptors resulting in the pulmonary smooth muscles relaxation. Research indicates that albuterol and levalbuterol work to increase the airflow and relax the pulmonary smooth muscle within a period of 30 minutes and are known to stay for between 4-5 hours (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Studiesthat have been conducted with regard to the metabolism of albuterol in the human tissues indicate a 5-11 fold better sulfoconjugation of the eutomer compared to the distomer within various human tissues (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). A single dose of the a lbuterol dosage, whether taken orally or inhaled, results in a higher blood level within the distomer compared to the eutomer (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Perhaps, this indicates a predominance of the (s)-albuterol, an inactive product, after repeated dosing of the active (R)-albuterol. However, it is important to bear in mind that while albuterol helps in relaxing the smooth muscles and increasing the flow of air within the airways, they do not actually reduce the speed of the progression of the primary disease (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). They only help in minimizing the signs and symptoms of exercise and wheeze limitations along with the shortness of breath, leading to a better life for the people living with COPD. Review of the Literature Albuterol is one of the most commonly recommended drugs for patients suffering from asthma and COPD (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). However, due to the negative effects caused by the drug, levalbuterol was developed. This was based on various advantages, such as better tolerability, lesser cases of transient tachycardia, and in addition, it was noted to have a greater or similar efficacy with albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). However, some clinical studies indicate no significant superiority of levalbuterol, when compared to albuterol, though the effects of levalbuterol may be considered greater among the patients, particularly, when there is an overuse of albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). Nonetheless, Ameredes et al. (2009) highlight that numerous studies have been conducted to establish the difference between the two drugs, but the findings have always been to some extent heterogeneous. A study conducted by Purrin-Fayolle et al. (1996) found out that levalbuterol was more effectiv e in suppressing bronchospasm if compared to albuterol. The following studies indicated equivalencies of the two drugs, and some studies even found out that levalbuterols 1.25mg bronchodilatory effect was the same as that of the albuterol. Clinical trials in pediatric and adult patients who were diagnosed to have asthma have indicated a lower mean heart rate among the patients using levalbuterol compared to the ones using racemic albuterol. However, the degree of difference between these two drugs is modest, and thus, may be clinically significant for the patients suffering from cardiac conditions, which could even worsen in the case of tachycardia (Truitt et al., 2003). On the other hand, some studies have reported that there is no difference in the two drugs when it comes to the mean heart rate if these drugs are compared head-to-head (Ozminkowsk et al., 2007). This is because the negative result of increased heart rate is something that is common among all the drugs classified as beta-agonists (Ameredes et al., 2009). Therefore, the equimolar doses of both racemic albuterol and levalbuterol would probably lead to an equal magnitude of tachycardia, implying that the transient tachycardia that is often experienced with regard to these drugs is more dependent on the dose (Perrin-Fayolle et al., 1996). Additionally, the claim that levalbuterol is more tolerable compared to albuterol is also controversial. The harmful effects of racemic albuterol, particularly with regard to its overuse, include tachyphylaxis, hypokalemia, as well as the increased rates of mortality (Qureshi et al., 2005). It is worth noting that (S)-albuterol does not contain the bronchodilator activity, and when compared to levalbuterol, it is considered to be metabolized at a 10-fold slower rate (Qureshi et al., 2005). With this regard, some studies have theorized that it may also contain harmful effects, for instance, the pro-inflammatory effects or airway reactivity (Ameredes et al., 2009). This might lead to the preferential buildup of the (S)-isomer compared to (R)-albuterol, hence resulting in the condition known as paradoxic bronchospasm within the lungs (Qureshi et al., 2005). One study was conducted among the hospitalized patients suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in an aim to compa re the effects of racemic albuterol (2.5 mg) treatment (every 1-4 hours) with that of nebulized levalbuterol (1.25 mg) treatment (every 6-8 hours) (Qureshi et al., 2005). Apparently, fewer levalbuterol nebulizations were needed, and the call for the rescue aerosol did not increase during the study period of hospitalization, which was basically 14 days. However, it is worth noting that the study findings highlighted that the outcome measures between the two groups being studied were alike, including the pulmonary function and costs studies (Qureshi et al., 2005). Furthermore, Truitt and his colleagues carried out a retrospective chart review of the patients diagnosed with COPD and hospitalized and came out with the same conclusions, highlighting that the outcomes of the two drugs are similar (Truitt et al., 2003). Ameredes et al. (2009) highlight that the advantage of levalbuterol over albuterol can be considered greater among the patients that have been subjected to the overuse of a lbuterol. It is also important to bear in mind that cost is one of the major factors highlighted when conducting a comparison of the two drugs (Quinn, 2004). Initially, the metered-dose inhalers, considered to be a generic formulation of albuterol, were widely used, regarding the fact that they were considered to be cheaper compared to the branded albuterol versions. However, the metered-dose inhaler formulations were banded on the grounds that most of them contained chlorofluorocarbons and were thus faced out of the market (Quinn, 2004). The branded albuterol cost is nearly the same as that of the levalbuterol. In addition, it is noted that the cost of levalbuterol nebulization is still higher than that of the generic albuuterol nebulization (Gawchik et al., 1999). Nonetheless, one study indicated that the overall cost savings related to the reduction in the number of days that the patients spend in hospital is less in those using levalbuterol compared to the ones using albuterol (Quinn, 2004 ). Generally, it is worth noting that levalbuterol is considered to slightly enhance the pulmonary function and lasts longer than albuterol. Basically, the pulmonary function improvement caused by 0.625 mg of levalbuterol is the same as that caused by 2.5 mg of albuterol. However, despite the differences present between the two drugs, it is worth noting that levalbuterol and albuterol are actually similar in numerous aspects, such as glucose levels, impact on blood potassium, and climax of drug action among other aspects (Quinn, 2004). What Makes Sense and What Does Not Make Sense Clinically Despite the fact that differences between levalbuterol and albuterol are rather controversial, it is worth noting that there are few aspects which make sense clinically while others are clearly senseless. However, it is important to note that levalbuterol is considered as a safer form of albuterol (Ameredes et al., 2009). Albuterol is most commonly associated with various negative effects, such as an increased heart rate and shakiness, and despite the fact that levalbuterol generates similar effects, most of the studies have noted that they are just minimal (Ameredes et al., 2009). Another important aspect to note is the fact that albuterol contains a shorter period of action, estimated to be 4-6 hours, while levalbuterol works for about 5-8 hours (Qureshi et al., 2005). Perhaps, this can be the reason behind the relatively higher cost of levalbuterol compared to that of albuterol. It is also important to bear in mind that when it comes to the period of hospitalization, levalbuterol is considered to be cheaper as its use is highlighted to result in lesser days of hospitalization compared to the use of albuterol. However, what does not make sense is the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol. Based on the composition of the two drugs, it is highlighted that albuterol contains both (R)-albuterol and (S)-albuterol in the ration of 50:50 (Qureshi et al., 2005). In addition, it is suggested that levalbuterol is purely made up of (R)-albuterol that gives it the bronchodilation effect. It, therefore, remains unclear with regard to how levalbuterol contains a better efficacy when compared to albuterol. It is important that more studies are conducted in this area in order to establish the truths behind these claims. Impact on the Field This paper is of a great important, considering the fact that it has expanded the available literature regarding the topic. This paper has highlighted some of the clinical issues that have to be considered with regard to the use of albuterol and levalbuterol. In addition, the paper has highlighted an area that requires more research. This is in consideration with the fact that several studies have highlighted that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy compared to albuterol, basing on the drug composition, while, in essence, there is no solid proof to support this claim. Thus, it is important that further research is conducted in this field to establish the fact behind this claim. Potential Impact on the Disease Management It is worth noting that COPD is today considered as one of the major causes of deaths globally (Quinn, 2004). However, it is feared that the rates might escalate, especially with the increase of smokers as well as major lifestyle changes. Thus, this results in huge economic burdens in terms of the loss of productivity as well as the costs of healthcare. This, therefore, explains the main reason as to why COPD has to be managed. It is important that the correct and effective medication is identified to ensure that the disease is put under control. This paper has, therefore, provided an analysis of the existing literature with regard to the two drugs that are most commonly used in dealing with the disease. From the analysis, it is clear that albuterol is considered to have a shorter duration of action, be cheaper, and to generate more negative effects if compared to levalbuterol. Therefore, health practitioners can consider these aspects when dealing with COPD. From the review of the existing literature in this field, the paper recommends that levalbuterol should be considered as the drug of choice when dealing with COPD. This is based on the facts that levalbuterol exerts fewer negative effects, causes fewer hospitalizations, and generates better respiratory parameters if compared to albuterol. Furthermore, it is highlighted that the use of levalbuterol is cheaper considering the fact that its use leads to fewer hospitalizations. However, this paper recommends that further research should be conducted to support the claim that levalbuterol contains a better efficacy than albuterol, basing on the composition of the two drugs. Most of the clinical studies aimed at determining the relative safety of albuterol and levalbuterol have often generated varied results. The conflicting results have even made it difficult to rule out which one among the two drugs should be administered in the treatment of COPD. This paper has analyzed some of the existing studies to come up with a recommendation as to which drug should be used. Most of the studies highlight that levalbuterol brings about less negative effects, results in fewer hospitalizations, and has lower overall cost of treatment. Based on the highlighted advantages, the paper recommends that levalbuterol should be opted for as a remedy for COPD. However, the study recommends a further research to support the claim that levalbuterol is more effective than albuterol basing on the drug composition. Buy custom Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease essay

Small Group Reflection Essays

Small Group Reflection Essays Small Group Reflection Essay Small Group Reflection Essay Small group and team communication is basically the most imperative skill that any individual will ever have to learn. Communication consists of making contact with other individuals in verbal or nonverbal connection. Whether it is a group or team each individual has different background and customs, therefore he or she should be confident enough to deal with social diversity because there is no particular way in dealing with such diverse groups. The importance of team communication is vital for achievement because people learn from one another and share similar objectives. While classroom lectures provide students with volumes of information, many experiences can be understood only by living them. It is with the? workings of a small, task-focused group. What observations can I make after? working with my group? And what have I learned as a result? When meeting together and brainstorming ideas for our can drive there were many leadership roles and? the strengths of our individual group that became increasingly apparent. Although? early in our project Jeff was the key initiator and Casey largely an information? seeker, all of us group members eventually took on these functions in addition to? erving as recorders, gathering information, and working on coming up with ideas on how we would start and initiate this can drive. Every member coordinated the group’s work at some point, several made sure that? everyone could speak and be heard, and Casey was especially good at? catching important details the rest of us were oblivious to. Tyler and I frequen tly clarified or elaborated on information, whereas Andrea, Casey, and Jeffrey were good at contributing ideas during brainstorming sessions. Casey, Jeffrey and I brought tension-relieving humor to the group.? Just as each member brought individual strengths to the group, gender? differences also made us effective. For example, Andrea and Casey looked at the big picture and made intuitive leaps in? ways that the Jeffrey, Tyler, and I generally did not. Brilhart and Galanes have suggested that men working in groups? dominated by women may display â€Å"subtle forms of resistance to a dominant? presence of women† (p. 98). Our differing qualities complemented each other and enabled? us to work together effectively. The formation of our group developed in four stages. The first was the Forming stage in which we were uncertain about our roles and who to trust. This beginning stage is relatively where we as group members introduced ourselves. At this stage we were unsure how we would be able to use each other’s experience and abilities to come together as a cohesive group. The following stage was Storming, which is a time we learned about expectations discussed then confirmed by each one of us. The third stage of our development was Norming, a stage of working together to reach our goals. Lastly, the Performing stage is focused on solving any problems that arise. This stage is critical for getting the project done on time and completing the goal. Our group had a sense of unity that went through developmental stages. Each Learning Team member played a different role and it was important for us to perform his or her duties in order to get maximum cooperation between each member. Through these maintenance roles better relationships developed and improved morale of the group cooperation. In order for our group to develop into a well performing group organization we needed to have and maintain certain characteristics. We are a group of students with a vision working towards a common goal. The building of our team was complicated. We negotiated roles and tasks according to our strengths and interests. We worked well together, but far from perfect. Ideas were exchanged and meaningful productivity resulted. Good communication resulted from trust and respect. All of us members shared an equal participation, which made it easier for each individual to contribute to the success. Brilhart, J. K. , Galanes, G. J. (1998). Effective group discussion (9th ed. ). Boston:? McGraw-Hill.

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends

Ed Mezvinsky, Father of the Groom - Urban Legends A forwarded email attributed to Cincinnati news reporter John Popovich claims that Marc Mezvinsky, Chelsea Clintons new husband, is the son of Edward Mezvinsky, a former Iowa Congressman who was convicted and sent to prison in the early 2000s for fraud. The forwarded email is correct. Description: Viral textCirculating since: August 2010Status: True (details below) Example Email contributed by James H., August 19, 2010: Subject: Birds of a featherFATHER OF THE GROOMBy: John PopovichBefore I came to Cincinnati, I was a news reporter at WOC in Davenport Iowa. I covered a lot of city council and a lot of political stuff. One of the guys I covered was Ed Mezvinsky, who was the Congressman from Iowas first district.Seemed like a pretty nice guy, but when he ditched his wife for a New York reporter, the Iowa voters ditched him.My most vivid memory is that he sat on the House Judiciary Committee that was deciding the fate of President Nixon.Anyway, years later, Fast Eddie got caught with his hand in the till. He cheated investors out of more than $10 million dollars. He went to prison for several years.This weekend, his son married Chelsea Clinton. Analysis True. On July 31, 2010, Chelsea Clinton, the daughter of former president and first lady Bill and Hillary Clinton, was married to Marc Mezvinsky, the son of a former Democratic Congressman, in a Rhinebeck, New York ceremony the press described as lavish. The father of the groom, Edward Ed Mezvinsky, who served four years in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1973 to 1977, indeed went on to serve five years in a federal penitentiary after being convicted of fraud in 2002. According to prosecutors, Mezvinsky crimes included repeatedly defrauding others by misusing attorney escrow accounts held in his name, engaging in schemes involving worthless checks deposited at banks, creating forged bank statements, using false financial statements, tax returns and accountants letters, and giving false testimony under oath. U.S. District Judge Stewart Dalzell ordered him to pay nearly $10 million in restitution to the victims of his scams. The former Congressman was contrite in an interview with the New York Post that took place in July 2010 just before the Clinton-Mezvinsky wedding. Im remorseful for what happened, he said. It was a terrible time, and I was punished for that. And I respect that and accept responsibility for what happened, and now Im trying to move on and am grateful I have the opportunity for that. For purposes of verification, I attempted to contact former Cincinnati newsman John Popovich, to whom the above text is attributed. I received no reply. Update: Chelsea Clinton and Marc Mezvinsky became parents with the birth of their first child, Charlotte Clinton Mezvinsky, on September 26, 2014. Sources and Further Reading Chelsea Clinton Marries Marc MezvinskyPeople, 31 July 2010 Chelsea Clintons Father in Law Lives Down Criminal PastNew York Post, 29 July  2010 Will Father of the Groom Be Welcome Figure at Chelsea Clintons Wedding?ABC News, 1 December 2009 Former Congressman Duped by Nigerian ScamsABC News, 8 December 2006 Mezvinsky Gets 6 Years for FraudPhiladelphia Inquirer, 10 January 2003 Last updated 06/22/15

Definition informal personality type Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Definition informal personality type - Assignment Example According to my pals, I am a no-nonsense girl who cares less about the public opinion as long as I achieve my goals. Nonetheless, this does not mean violating other people’s rights and freedom in order to succeed in my endeavors. My strong personality has gained me different names from my male and female friends. However, the word jerk is beyond my character. I might cause a conflict or pain to individuals who threaten my freedom or intend to divert my goals, but under normal circumstances, I am calm and friendly. The society has a wrong perception of womanhood due to the stereotypes and male domination. Consequently, women and girls who express their willingness to confront patriarchy receive social neglect and labelling. I am firm girl who intends to follow my dream and achieve the success that fits my description. I draw my inspiration from Margret Thatcher, and if my idol was a jerk, I intend to be one as it is profitable than being

Ergonomics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ergonomics - Research Paper Example The overall purpose of such an extensive level of integration with different subjects has to do with the fact that ergonomics is specifically interested in understanding â€Å"human factors† with regards to the function of equipment, the design thereof, and facilitating cognitive abilities in the user. Rather than allowing the name itself, ergonomics, to serve as a stumbling block with regards to an understanding for what the specific realm of analysis is intended upon expecting, it should be understood that ergonomics in and of itself is effectively defined as â€Å"human factors†. As such, these human factors, engaged a level of importance with respect to the design, implementation, and use of material that facilitates the workflow or comfort of an individual. Such a broad level of focus invariably lends this particular field to incorporate a great many factors and engage with the previously denoted fields of study in a variety of different ways. However, even though the field of ergonomics is broad, the information that it engages with is utilized in something of singular manner; to make the experience of the human being more efficient, productive, and/or comfortable. With respect to the way in which ergonomics affects workers, this can be seen with regards to a host of different issues. For instance, the most obvious integration of ergonomics is with regards the way in which certain functions are performed. Rather than merely maximizing efficiency and endangering the worker and/or the equipment in question, ergonomics as a means of utilizing information from relevant medical spheres, up to and including physical therapy as a means of understanding the movements of the human body and which of these are most likely to reduce the level of injury and maximize the health and safety for the individual worker (Larson & Wick 5097). Moreover, the implementation of procedures and equipment that helps to foster a greater focus upon ergonomics directly im pacts the workers as it is able to maximize the level of safety and productivity without having any negative consequences other than the costs of implementation. Evidence of this can of course be seen with regards to the way in which recent scholarship has proven that ergonomics has a direct level of impact with regards to the way in which an office employee maintains posture, avoids injury to the hands and wrists, and has the monitor and keyboard positioned in a favorable manner so that workflow can be maximized and the risk of any potential future harm to the health and safety of the worker can be minimized. But however, even though the information that is thus far been provided is useful with regards to understanding the field of ergonomics and realizing what complement factors helped define it, a secondary issue that must be considered is with regards to the way that hazard recognition and measurement techniques are incorporated as a means of affecting a positive change. Ultimat ely, hazard recognition is the first piece of this puzzle (Erdinc & Yeow 953). Within any field of employment, there are particular hazards that the employee faces on a daily basis. As such, realizing, denoting, and seeking to mitigate these, is a fundamental goal that any organization/firm/company that seeks to engage with ergonomics and improve the overall quality of life and efficiency of workflow for their employees must consider. But naturally, once these hazards have been recognized and

Catholic Charities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Catholic Charities - Essay Example The paper "Catholic Charities" describes Cafod organization. Being a Catholic charity, it has some characteristics, which make it distinctive. It follows Catholic social teaching, which members look upon as authoritative, whether depending upon global statements made by the papacy, or by synods or national conferences of bishops. These are considered to require a response from the wider Catholic community as they put their faith into positive action. Although based upon unchanging principles, the seeking of justice for all for example. Cafod also allows itself to be affected in its decisions and actions by new ideas about such things as human rights, as set out for instance in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as produced by the United Nations. It also responds to the changing world - new as well as long standing social, economic and political actualities. This includes such simple things as encouraging parishes and individual parishioners to use and promote Fair Trade goods. People can become a member of parliament correspondent – basically keeping their member of parliament informed about Cafod activities, campaigns and injustices that the organization is aware of. Catholics are also encouraged to leave legacies to the organization. Cafod personnel contribute to important reports which are produced, and which may and should lead to action on the part of governments, and even international organizations, such as that on Aids in Africa from Unaids Facts and Figures.

Change Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Change Management - Coursework Example cause of the aspect that changes in necessary in business on a continuous basis in order to move in parallel with the ever changing demands of the customers, stakeholders and the overall external environment. It provides competitive advantage for business units in the marketplace allowing the business to develop itself effectively and quickly (DeBruijn, 2011). As in the provided case, it is evident that Know Inform (KI) is a particular organization that is integrally associated with change management towards proper execution of the business functioning. In order to ensure successful change management proper planning, efficient workforce, strict governance, and committed leadership is deemed to be quite crucial. Correspondingly, in this particular study, focus would be levied on understanding the concept of change management prevalent in the company presented within the case example. The essay is also intended towards discussing the characteristics of the company with regard to change situation and how their leadership skill contributed towards managing this workplace change (Creasey, 2007). In order to deal with the prevailing problems with regard to acceptance to change, the management of the business has emerged with several key measures that would be crucial to discuss. In this regard, several change management models can be taken into consideration to have a better comprehension at large. The model to be implemented within the organisation has mentioned about the strategy of changes that can be regarded as applicable by the organisation with regard to the scenario of change management. The management has been quite clear with regard to the criteria of change that has taken place in the organisation. In this regard, the Kurt Lewin Change Management model can be taken into consideration. According to the model, change in location is quite crucial in the present day business and it influences the business in any industry sector. However, there might develop

Alzheimer's Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Alzheimer's - Research Paper Example During the autopsy the doctor noted dense deposits of neuritic plaques surrounding nerve cells and twisted bands of nerve fibers inside the cells. The presence of plaques and tangles during a brain autopsy is now taken as a definitive diagnosis of the condition. There have been several additional researches that have been carried out by scientist around the world since the discovery of the disease. In the 1960s researchers found connectivity between the cognitive decline and the number of plaques and tangles present in the brain. Since the 1970s scientists have made major discoveries pertaining to the complex functioning of the nerve cells in these patients and also with increasing developments in the field of genetics, genes responsible for susceptibility to this disease both in the early stages and later in life have also been unraveled. Apart from the genetic factors other lifestyle related and environmental risk factors are also being widely being explored (A History, 2009; Alzhe imer’s disease, 2010). Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease and before the symptoms are noticed sufficient damage to the brain would have already taken place. Studies reveal that this damage could occur anywhere between 10 to 20 years before the onset of the clinical signs and symptoms. Beginning with the development of tangles within the entorhinal cortex and plaques in other regions of the brain, the disease affects the functioning of neurons that eventually results in lost communication between the brain cells. When such damage occurs within the hippocampus region of the brain as the disease progresses, it affects the memory and processing skills of the individual (Alzheimer’s disease, 2010). Thus most prominent early sign of the disease is memory loss (Alzheimer’s disease, 2010; Alzheimer’s symptoms, 2009; Symptoms, 2009). Other common early symptoms include confusion, attention disorders, personality changes, difficulty with languages

Change Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Change Management - Coursework Example cause of the aspect that changes in necessary in business on a continuous basis in order to move in parallel with the ever changing demands of the customers, stakeholders and the overall external environment. It provides competitive advantage for business units in the marketplace allowing the business to develop itself effectively and quickly (DeBruijn, 2011). As in the provided case, it is evident that Know Inform (KI) is a particular organization that is integrally associated with change management towards proper execution of the business functioning. In order to ensure successful change management proper planning, efficient workforce, strict governance, and committed leadership is deemed to be quite crucial. Correspondingly, in this particular study, focus would be levied on understanding the concept of change management prevalent in the company presented within the case example. The essay is also intended towards discussing the characteristics of the company with regard to change situation and how their leadership skill contributed towards managing this workplace change (Creasey, 2007). In order to deal with the prevailing problems with regard to acceptance to change, the management of the business has emerged with several key measures that would be crucial to discuss. In this regard, several change management models can be taken into consideration to have a better comprehension at large. The model to be implemented within the organisation has mentioned about the strategy of changes that can be regarded as applicable by the organisation with regard to the scenario of change management. The management has been quite clear with regard to the criteria of change that has taken place in the organisation. In this regard, the Kurt Lewin Change Management model can be taken into consideration. According to the model, change in location is quite crucial in the present day business and it influences the business in any industry sector. However, there might develop

English Composition Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English Composition - Article Example This is because while writing, I always remember that my instructor is the main audience. Furthermore, I needed to convince my instructor that the research topic I picked was worth exploring. I also needed to convince him that the arguments presented in my final work were a product of grater research efforts. The comprehension of writing situation will aid me in completing excellent papers. The writing situation elements will enhance my academic papers by allowing them to satisfy all requirements (Fowler & Aaron, 2000). This is because writing situation offers guidelines for writing papers. Furthermore, the elements remind me every time about the focus of my assignment. I have always tried following situation-writing elements while completing my papers. This is because I always want to generate quality papers for my academic work. I also use the elements to focus my writing. This enables me gain higher marks thus endeavoring to use these elements further throughout my career. This reading will enable me gain massive familiarity regarding the elements and their appropriate applications. It will also improve the way I approach assignments thus aligning them to fit the required aspects. I would explain to fellow students, that writing situation entails different aspects that act as guidelines for writers such as spectators, resolve, and topic (Fowler & Aaron, 2000). I would inform them that understanding writing situation will help them in generating quality and focused papers for academic and professional purposes. Audience consideration is the greatest aspect of situation writing that always stand out for me. This is because in my academic circles I frequently want to convince my instructor with eminence work that capture required

Environmental protection Essay Example for Free

Environmental protection Essay Environmental protection has become a major concern for society. Admittedly, with the rapid development of economy, our environment is faced with new challenges. People increasingly attach importance to the protection. So it has been common that teachers and students discuss environmental protection in class. City planners take environmental problems into consideration as well. Factories are no exception. They begin to try reducing pollution to meet the needs of environmental protection instead of the short-term interest. The main reasons are listed as follows: firstly, the serious air and water pollution affects everyone. In addition, only by making joint efforts to protect our environment can cities survive. Last but not least, businesses to make a profit pay more attention to environmental protection for their interest in the long run. From the picture above, we can see even the communication between parents and son rely on the Internet. With the rapid development of advanced science and technology, people increasingly make full use of the Internet to communicate with each other instead of face-to-face contact. As far as I am concerned, electronic communication only partly replace face-to-face contact. Admittedly, the Internet’s being put into use widely is the inevitable result of social development. It is indispensable to our daily communication. In addition, there is no denying that the electronic communication does save plenty of time for us, we can communicate easily beyond the limit of time and place. But every cion has its two sides. People are meeting increasingly on the Internet, on television screens. Undoubtedly, it is not beneficial to the deepen the emotions and between people. We cannot express our feelings fully without face-to-face contact as well. Some body language like a hug of comfort or a kiss of love will never be express through the electronic communication. Therefore, though the electronic communication bring convenience to us, to some degree, electronic communication can never replace face-to-face contact. My View on Traffic Accidents In recent years, plenty of news about people injured or killed by cars on roads can be heard , which shows us that traffic accidents have been risen. But why are there so many such terrible events? As far as I am concerned, to begin with, it is the result of more cars are running on the roads with the development of economy. Increasing accidents follow the increasing cars. In addition, there is no denying that the road conditions sometimes cant meet  the requirement of cars. But I think the most important one point is the lack of the safety awareness. And when being drunk, most people insist driving .As we all know, quite a lot of traffic accidents are due to the drivers who drive cars after drinking. Drunk drivers mind is vague, and they cant control themselves and the car well, so they can easily get into trouble out of consciousness.

Human Resource Management Strategy Business Essay

Human Resource Management Strategy Business Essay Strategic Human resource management is a plan that facilitates the way an organization is being ran. The Human Resource Management strategy and the business strategy must be totally integrated. (Kearns, 2008). In today ¿Ã‚ ½s modern world, they are different ways in which HRM within an organization operates but then they focus their attention on three main areas of management which are; staffing, employee compensation and defining or designing work. The target of every HRM departments in any organization will be to optimize the effectiveness of its employee in order to maximize productivity and increase profit. According to Edward L. Gubman as observed in the journal of business strategy,  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The basic mission of human resources will always be to acquire, develop and retain talent; align the work force with the business; and be an excellent contributor to the business. Those three challenges will never change. ¿Ã‚ ½ The back bone of any successful company is the HR de partment. The HR department must provide executive management with fundamental ideas that will help to not only gain market share, but entice and retain talent. Once the HR strategy of an organization is in place then its management ¿Ã‚ ½s responsibility sees that company goals are embraced and there are several ways they can do this which includes; communication, input, feedback, positive reinforcement, values etc. In recent year, observers have cited a decided trend towards a fundamental reassessment of HR structures and positions.  ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A cascade of changing business conditions, changing organizational structures, and changing leadership have been forcing human resource departments to alter their perspective on their role and functions almost-overnight, ¿Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ wrote John Johnston in Business Quarterly. Figure 1 Strategy Implementation in an HR Environment Emergent strategies The SHRM functions can be known of having six (6) menus of HRM practices, from which organizations can choose the ones that is most appropriate for implementing their strategy. The Strategies of organizations varies depending on the level and structure of that organization and there is no know strategy which is the best suitable. The company I will be looking at to see how its HRM operates in the Organization is Barclays Group PLC. 1.2. STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN BARCLAYS GROUP PLC Brief history of Barclays Barclays plc is a major global multinational financial services provider engaged in retail and commercial banking. Barclays has two geographical concentrations in the financial industry: global retail banking and corporate investment banking wealth management with operations in more than fifty countries with an extensive international presence in Europe, the Americas, Africa and Asia. Barclays has got approximately fifteen thousand six hundreds colleagues internationally and it moves, lends, invests and protects money for over forty-eight million customers and clients. Barclays plc has a global network of more than one hundred and fifty-five thousand people working across a range of businesses thus makes the HR team of Barclays face a unique challenges. In such a diverse and internationally spread company, HR experts work with every business unit to help Barclays stay ahead of the competition by attracting and retaining the best people available and make sure that they are all in the right jobs and do the best work that will create sustainable benefits for the works, customers and shareholders, all over the world. But it ¿Ã‚ ½s not all about new recruit that the HR management team of Barclays focuses on. It is also committed to nurturing its established colleague and the HR team play a vital role in monitoring performances and monitoring a host of training programmes. The HRM of Barclays Group is divided into different professional Job titles that deal with the Human resource related issues and plays an important part in every business unit of co mpany. The purpose of SHRM in Barclays The purpose or importance of SHRM in Barclays cannot be over emphasized, the success and failure of any organization depends solely on its HR management. The Primary purpose associated with human resource management in Barclays includes Job analysis and staffing (recruitment), organization and utilization of workforce, measurement and appraisal of workforce performance, implementation of reward systems for employees, professional development of workers and maintenance of workforce. I. Job analysis and recruitment: The HRM in Barclays has the responsibility of recruiting people for various employment positions in the company; they determine the skills, and experience necessary to adequately perform in a position, identification of job and industry trends and anticipation of future employments. They provide valid information about jobs that is used to hire and promote people, determine wages, determine training needs, and manage the flow of personnel into and out of Barclays. II. Organization, maintenance and utilization: The HRM dept of Barclays maintains the workforce of the company. The duty here involves designing an organizational framework that makes maximum use of an enterprises human resources and establishing systems of communication that helps the organization to operate in a unified manner. Other responsibilities in this area include health and safety and worker management relations. Maintenance task related to worker-management relations primarily entails: working with labor union; handling grievances related to misconduct, such as theft or sexual harassment; and devising communication systems to foster cooperation and shared sense of mission among the employees. III. Performance appraisal: The HRM of Barclays assesses employees ¿Ã‚ ½ job performance and provides feedbacks to the employees on both their positive and negative performance. The performance appraisal is important because it is used to determine the salary increase and promotions and in the case of a negative performance, dismissal might follow. IV. Reward systems: This system is managed by the HRM in Barclays. This aspect of management is important because it provides the mechanism by which company provide their worker with a reward for past achievements and incentives for high performance in the future. They also use this system to address a problem within the work force through institution of disciplinary measures. V. Employee development and training: The HR is responsible for identifying the training needs of Barclay ¿Ã‚ ½s employee and initiates and evaluates developments programmes designed to address those needs. These training programs ranges from orientation programmes, which are designed to acclimate new hire of the company, to ambitious education programmes indented to familiarize workers with a new software systems. 1.3 Contributions of SHRM to achievements of Barclay ¿Ã‚ ½s objectives Meaningful contributions to the business processes of Barclays processes are increasingly recognized as within the purview of active human resource management practices. The HRM of Barclays disseminates guideline for and monitoring employee ¿Ã‚ ½s behaviors and ensuring that the company is obeying worker-related regulatory guidelines. The HRM professional are aware of the fundamentals of learning and motivations and carefully design and monitor training and development programmes that has helped in achieving the aim and objectives of the company by increasing the quality of products and services delivered and increased growth and profit that benefits the whole organization. The HRM of Barclays has been deeply involved in reshaping of the company ¿Ã‚ ½s structure under increased external and internal complexity and in managing other aspect of strategic change in Barclays Group. The role and importance of SHRM in Barclays cannot be over emphasized, the success and failure of the company depends solely on its HRM and they can only succeed when the right strategy is applied. Having the company ¿Ã‚ ½s mission in mind at all time has been a driving force to the achievements of HR team of Barclays Group and technological changes with the help of SAP (enterprise resource planning tool) helps Barclays to succeed in today ¿Ã‚ ½s tough business climate. Figure 1.2 This table below show how the SHRM add value to an Organization. Source: CIPD, The case for good people management, 2001. 2.1. The business factor that underpin the HR planning in Barclays Strength of the company Barclay ¿Ã‚ ½s group has a widespread of global presence allowing it to spread its risk and enjoy economic of scale. The Barclays brand is well-established historically and has become ingrained in the psyche of the consumers and continually promoted, for example, through sponsorship of Premier league football. Barclays is particularly associated with innovation, it brought out the first debit and credit card and most recently the one plus card combining Oyster, cashless and credit functions for London-based customers. The opening of new flagship branches along with a refurbishment programme can be seen as an attempt to refocus on customers demand for a strong presence on the high street. The opening of new flagship branches along with a refurbishment programme can be seen as an attempt to refocus on customers demand for a strong presence on the high street. There is an increased online growth and online security to combat fraud and they enjoy a robust financial performance. The business growth Barclay ¿Ã‚ ½s business strategy is to achieve good growth through time by diversifying its business base and increasing its presence in markets and segments that are growing rapidly. This is driven by the Group ¿Ã‚ ½s ambition to become one of a handful of universal banks leading the global financial services industry, helping customers and clients throughout the world achieve their goals. The strategy is based on the principles of earn, invest and grow. Supporting this are four strategic priorities; Build the best bank in the UK, Accelerate the growth of global businesses, Develop retail and commercial banking activities in selected countries outside the UK, Enhance operational excellence. Barclay ¿Ã‚ ½s five guiding principles are key to the way the business operates:  ¿Ã‚ ½ Winning together: Achieving collective and individual success  ¿Ã‚ ½ Best people: Developing talented colleagues to reach their full potential, to ensure Barclays retains a leading position in the global financial services industry  ¿Ã‚ ½ Customer and client focus: Understanding customers and serving them brilliantly.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Pioneering: Driving new ideas, adding diverse skills and improving operational excellence.  ¿Ã‚ ½ Trusted: Acting with the highest integrity to retain the trust of customers, external stakeholders and colleagues. To continually compete internationally, Barclays must strive to perform customer service at an utmost level of excellence which will promote the company worldwide as a organization that can be relied upon time after time for small individual accounts as well as huge corporate accounts. To accomplish this, Barclays must identify their customer groups and the needs associated with each particular group and develop products and services that will be of great value to their customers. The practices that have worked in the past must be reconfigured to work for years to come and keep Barclays updated with the high changing IT world. This will call for new investments into new levels of technology that can help offer higher levels of service to its customers. Along with the apparent increase in speed that IT will allow Barclays to accomplish routine tasks, technology will also reduce risk of errors and fraud. (www.thebanker.com). IT will allow up to date information to be at the fingertips of Barclays managers, giving managers a huge advantage when it comes to making decisions and in pin pointing groups of customers that can have a high added value to Barclays. The fine-tuning of IT will also eliminate weaknesses within Barclays practices, preventing failures that effect customers and thus reducing excessive and unnecessary costs. In recent years, Barclays has been very successful in carrying out its desired tactics. Huge investment strategies that have led to this increase in profits include the acquirements within its Barclaycard card business. With growth on its mind, Barclays has set out to create an international business that if forecasted correctly, the income generated in its Barclaycard division will be of equal value internationally as well as domestically by 2013. Barclays has also placed strategic action in growing throughout Europe up to sixty percent in the near feature. 2.2. Human resource requirement to open new technology center in Johannesburg, South Africa In order to successfully open a new technological center in South Africa, Barclays will require having a structure (accommodation), the need the right number of staff, at the right place and the right time and equipped with the right technical skills to design, implement, manage projects and be able to develop new technological innovation. To assess the capacity required to do this research has to be carried out to derive the quantitative and qualitative data about the human requirement in this sector. The operations and activities in this center will range from upgrading ATMs, hosts the applications for the regions markets, credit card transfer, looking after all the net work and infrastructure applications and re-plat forming a country ¿Ã‚ ½s banks. The HR also needs to put in place a career development programmes for the staffs that will be working in this center and rewards and benefit packages. 2.3. The human resource plan in Barclays Resourcing Manager: The resourcing managers partners with each of the business unit of Barclays in order to help them attract and retain the best people for every job. They produce a schedule that deals the recruitment programme for the various types and levels of services. HR Operations Advisor: The HR operation advisor of Barclays supports the internal and external clients to ensure that the logistic affecting new starters, movers within the business and people leaving the company are dealt with smoothly and efficiently. Benefits Administrator/ Pension Administrator: The duty of the people here is to assist a pension administration Team Leader, the Benefits Administrator reconcile pension calculations, answer members ¿Ã‚ ½ queries and help with correspondence. HR Business Partner: HR Business Partners work alongside business leaders in a specific area of the Group to improve performance, advertising on recruitment, retention and development issues for that sector. Compensation and Benefits Analyst: Compensation and Benefits Analyst will set salaries for job roles to ensure that proposed compensation and reward packages are benchmarked and competitive. 2.4. Contribution of human resources to Barclays objectives HR professional take a strategic approach to human resource management. Human resource management seeks to proactively provide a competitive advantage through the company ¿Ã‚ ½s most important asset: its human resources. Human resources has a great impact on the implementation of plan by developing and aligning HRM practices that ensure the company has a motivated employee with the necessary skills. Human resource management in Barclays interacts between people, technology and the task to be performed in context with the objectives, goals and strategic plan of the company. HR plays a central role in such key area activities like attracting, selection and recruitment, employee orientations, retaining talent, promotions and termination process, and performance management including individual assessments, measuring and improving work performances, all these have significant impact on the employee turnover. The HR in Barclays sees to employee and the organizational development programm e to maintain and improve skills as well as reward systems, benefits and compliance available for staffs also laws, policies, health and safety. The HR of Barclays gives a detailed job description and hires the right skills for a particular job and draws up programme for the professional development of the employee for e.g. learning to operate a new technology, this makes Barclays a leader in terms of new innovation thus providing a competitive advantage. They also plan effectively ahead with the number of staffs required to reduce cost to an optimum and ensure working processes are running smooth, this provides effective performance, thus increasing financial performance as indexed by productivity and market share value. The HR of Barclays also uses system such as incentives to achieve a specific goal. The reward system affects the company ¿Ã‚ ½s performance through increasing the quality of products and services. The company ¿Ã‚ ½s HR cares about the need and well being of the ir employees and provides a comfortable working environment; this increases the employee ¿Ã‚ ½s motivation and enhanced productivity performance. 3.1. The purpose of human resource policies in Barclays The Human Resource Policy is simply a set of documents that describes an organization ¿Ã‚ ½s policies for operation and the procedures necessary to fulfill the practices for its managerial, supervisory staff, and all employees. This documents sets out the policy for all the human resource related issues in the company including some policies from the government that relates to the company business activities. The purpose of this policy is to help the organization to maximize return on investment in the organization ¿Ã‚ ½s human capital and maximize financial risk. The policy sets the standards of operations compliance, effective internal management control systems compliant with regulation standards and processes of all the business unit of Barclays. The HR policy provides a clear guidance to the employees as to what their responsibilities and obligations are, and their behavior that last beyond the residency of a particular business unit or executive. An HR policy also helps Bar clays to avoid liability for their employees ¿Ã‚ ½ actions and helps protect against legal claims. HR policies promote consistency approach to meet their needs as they develop continuity with regards to flexible working and general understanding of the management strategy within the Barclays business environment. An HR policy also helps Barclays to keep up with competitors: e.g. policies are may be review in order to attract or retain employee. Policies are set in line with the company ¿Ã‚ ½s strategy and planned to suit the culture, circumstances and size of the company. HR policies need to be reviewed with changes to the environment and growth with the company. So without these policies there will be no sense of direction within the company and it will be difficult for such an organization to achieve it aims and objectives. 3.2 The impact of regulatory requirements on human resource policies in Barclays. The regulatory requirements are the licenses, restrictions and laws that are applicable to a business product or services, imposed by the government. The regulations go a long way from protecting the environment to ensuring work place safety. Such regulations includes; legal and regulatory requirement related to pay, equality, employment rights and responsibilities, data protection, discrimination, etc. The cumulative burden of the regulation requirements by the law can have a positive or a negative impact on a company ¿Ã‚ ½s aims and objectives and can easily overwhelm businesses. The Employment Act 2008 sets out the laws on employment rights and welfare of the employee. The HR managers must now plan the employment package under this employment Act which is very expensive to implement. For e.g. the law makes provision about the procedure for the resolution of employment disputes; to provide for compensation for financial loss on cases of unlawful underpayment or non-payment, to make provision about the enforcement of minimum wages legislation. Barclays manages health and safety at a local level under the requirement and any mistake done can cause the company thousands of pounds on compensation. There is continuing political and regulatory scrutiny of the operations of the retail banking and consumer credit industries in the UK, EU, US, South Africa and elsewhere. For example, in the United States, Barclays Bank PLC and certain US subsidiaries and branches of the bank are subjected to a comprehensive regulatory structure, involving numerous statutes, ruling and regulations, including the International Banking Act of 1978, the Banking Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, the foreign Bank Supervision Enhancement Act of 1991 and the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001. Such laws and regulations impose limitation on the type of businesses, and the ways in which they may be conducted, in the United States and on the location expansion of banking business there. Non compliance to these regulations could lead to fines, public reprimands, damage to reputations, enforced suspension of operations or, in extreme case, withdrawal of authorization to operate. The new government has taken up deci sions to step up regulatory pressures on banks; it introduced a bank tax and is appointing a commission on banking to decide whether or not the banks should be broken up. Barclays has hinted it may move its operations overseas if the commission decides to force it to separate its retail and investment banking sectors. 4.1 The impact of organizational structure on the management of human resources in J Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s In an organization where different people works together, they need a defined system through which they relate to each other and through which there can be a coordination of their efforts. The defined relationships among the elements of an organization, namely people, tasks, structure, and information and control processes that characterize all organizations is referred to as organizational structure. Brief Business review of J Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s J. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s plc is the parent company of Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s Supermarket Ltd, commonly known as Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s or Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s and JS, the second largest chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom with a share of the UK supermarket sector of 16.6%. The group head office is in the Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s Store Support Center in Holborn, city of London. J Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s plc was founded in 1869 by John James Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s and his wife Mary Ann, in London, and grew rapidly during the Victorian era and today operates a total of 872 stores comprising 537 supermarkets and 355 convenience stores. It jointly owns Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s bank with Lloyds Banking Group and has two property joint ventures with Land Securities Group and The British Land Company PLC. The Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s brand is built upon a heritage of providing customers with healthy, safe, fresh and tasty food. Quality and fair prices go hand-in-hand with a responsible approach to business. The store employs over 150,000 colleagues that serve over 19million customers a week and their largest store offers around 30,000 products. Read full story, available on jsainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s.co.uk/businessreview [assessed 27 Jan 2011]. 4.1.1 Organization structure of J. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s 4.1.2 The operation mechanism 1. David Tyler (Chairman): He joined the Board on Oct 1 2009 and became the Chairman on Nov 1 2009. He is non executive chairman of Logica plc and a Non-Executive Director of Experian plc and Burberry Group plc, where he also chairs the Remuneration Committee. He was previously Group Finance Director of GUS plc (1997-2006) and has held senior ?nancial and general management roles with Christie ¿Ã‚ ½s International plc (1989-96), County NatWest Limited (1986-89) and Unilever PLC (1974-86). He was also Chairman of 3i Quoted Private Equity plc (2007-09) and a Non-Executive Director of Reckitt Benckiser Group plc over the same period. 2. Justin King (Chief Executive): Appointed Chief Executive Officer on 29 March 2004 and is also Chairman of the Operating Board. He has been a NonExecutive Director of Staples, Inc. since September 2007 and was appointed to the board of the London Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympics Games in January 2009. He was formerly Director of Food at Marks Spencer plc and from 1994 to 2001 he held a number of senior positions at ASDA/WalMart in Trading, HR and Retail. Justin was previously Managing Director of H ¿Ã‚ ½agen Dazs UK and spent much of his early career with Mars Confectionery and Pepsi International. 3. Darren Shapland (Chief Financial Officer): Appointed Chief Financial Officer on 1 August 2005 and is also Chairman of Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s Bank plc. Darren was appointed a Non-Executive Director of Ladbrokes plc in November 2009. He was formerly Group Finance Director of Carpet-right plc (2002-05) and Finance Director of Superdrug Stores plc (2000-02). Between 1988 and 2000, Darren held a number of financial and operational management roles at Arcadia plc including Joint Managing Director, Arcadia Home Shopping; Finance Director of Arcadia brands; Finance Director, Top Shop/Top Man (Burton Group); and Director of Supply Chain Programme (Burton Group). 4. Mike Coupe (Trading Director): Appointed an Executive Director on 1 August 2007 and has been a member of the Operating Board since October 2004. He joined Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s from Big Food Group where he was a Board Director of Big Food Group plc and Managing Director of Iceland Food Stores. Mike previously worked for both ASDA and Tesco, where he served in a variety of senior management roles. He is also a member of the supervisory board of GSI UK. 5. John McAdam (Senior Independent Director): Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 1 September 2005. He is Chairman of Rentokil Initial plc and United Utilities plc. He is also a Non-Executive Director of Rolls-Royce Group plc and Sara Lee Corporation. John joined Unilever PLC as a management trainee in 1974 and went on to hold a number of senior positions in Birds Eye Walls, Quest and Unichema, before the sale of the Specialty Chemical Businesses to ICI in 1997. He was Chief Executive of ICI plc, until its sale to Akzo Nobel, and was formerly a Non-Executive Director of Severn Trent plc (2000-2005). 6. Anna Ford (Non-Executive Director): Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 2 May 2006. She retired from the BBC in 2006, after 32 years in News and Current Affairs. Anna is a Non-Executive Director of N Brown Group plc and has been a Trustee of the Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew, London; a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society; a Trustee of Forum for the Future; Chancellor of Manchester University; and an Honorary Bencher of Middle Temple. 7. Mary Harris (Non-Executive Director): Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 1 August 2007. She is a member of the supervisory boards of TNT NV and Unibail Rodamco S.E. Mary previously spent much of her career with McKinsey Company, most recently as a partner, and her previous work experience included working for PepsiCo in Greece and the UK as a sales and marketing executive. 8. Bob Stack (Non-Executive Director): Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 1 January 2005. He was a Director of Cadbury plc until December 2008. He joined Cadbury Beverages in the US in 1990 and was first appointed to the Board of Cadbury Schweppes plc in May 1996 as Group Human Resources Director. In March 2000 he was appointed Chief Human Resources Officer and took on responsibility for communication and an external affair in addition to HR. Bob is Trustee and Non-Executive Director of Earth watch International and also a Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Remuneration Committee of IMI plc. 9. Gary Hughes (Non-Executive Director): -Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 1 January 2005. Gary is Chief Financial Officer of the Gala Coral Group and a Director of the Scottish Exhibition Centre Limited. Formerly he was Chief Executive of CMP Information Limited, a division of United Business Media plc (2006-08), Group Finance Director of Emap plc (2000-05), Group Finance Director of SMG plc (1996 ¿Ã‚ ½2000), and Deputy Finance Director of Forte plc (1994-96). Prior to this Gary held a number of senior management positions with Guinness plc in the UK and in North America. 10. Val Gooding (Non-Executive Director): -Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 11 January 2007. She was formerly Chief Executive of BUPA (1998-2008), which she joined from British Airways, and is a Non-Executive Director of Standard Chartered Bank plc. Val is a member of the BBC ¿Ã‚ ½s Executive Board and the Advisory Board of the Warwick Business School. She is a Trustee of the British Museum and a Non-Executive Director of the Lawn Tennis Association. She was formerly a Non-Executive Director of Compass Group plc and BAA plc. 11. Neil Sachdev (Commercial Director): Joined Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s in March 2007 as Commercial Director following 28 years at Tesco, where he worked in a range of different business areas including: Stores Board Director UK Property/Operations (2000-06); Supply Chain Director (1999 ¿Ã‚ ½2000); Director, Competition Commission (1998-99); Support Director (February 1998-September 1998); and Retail Director (1994-98). Neil is Non-Executive Director and a member of the Audit and Remuneration Committees of Capital Shopping Centers Group PLC. 12. Matt Brittin (Non-Executive Director): Appointed a Non-Executive Director on 27 January 2011. Matt is Managing Director of Google in the UK Ireland. Before joining Google at the start of 2007, Matt spent much of his career in media and marketing, with particular interests in strategy, commercial development and sales performance. This included Commercial and Digital leadership roles in UK media. Matt has an MBA from London Business School and an MA from Cambridge. In 2010 he was voted wired magazine ¿Ã‚ ½s  ¿Ã‚ ½Most Influential Person in the Digital World ¿Ã‚ ½. The organizational structure of Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s is fit with the imperatives defined by needs to keep costs down, provide operational excellence and help to develop the potential of the human capital inside the organization. The organizational structures of the company allows the human resource department to smooth co-operation among employees, create effective communication among the employees, provide a clear defined roles, responsibility and processes. Organization structure is used for choosing the plan that utilizes minimal resources and achieve maximum returns. From Human Resource perspectives, it is the organizational structure that drives the employees to their full capacities and capabilities. The organizational structure will enable the Human Resource department to classify all the employees of the organization into achievers and non-achievers. 4.2 The impact of organizational culture on the management of human resources The cultures of an organization are thought of as those that evolve in conversation and is influx, constantly changing. It is the culture of an organization that defines what things mean, whether they are valued as good or bad, right or wrong, and how things are to be done when answers can ¿Ã‚ ½t be fixed by formal structure, policy or procedures. There are two aspect of organizational culture: the culture within an organization and the culture outside and organization especially hen company operates its business globally, it has to adapt to local cultures. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s have their strong organizational culture along with their corporate strategies. Sainsbury ¿Ã‚ ½s introduced the self checkout system in 2002; this helped the organization to save cost on s